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Types of Valves, Guides, and Bearings

Valve types include intake and exhaust valves made of chrome-molybdenum steel with surface hardness of 45 to 55 HRC. Valve stem diameter ranges from 5 to 10 millimeters, and the valve head angle is designed between 30 and 45 degrees. Valve guides are made of alloy steel with nitrided coating, tolerating temperatures up to 500°C and lateral clearance of 0.02 to 0.05 millimeters. The contact surface between valve and guide is CNC-finished, ensuring gas pressure resistance up to 2.5 MPa. Valve head design is optimized using CFD simulations to reduce pressure drop and improve fluid flow efficiency.

Engine bearings include fixed and floating types made of copper-tin alloy reinforced with a steel backing layer. Friction layer thickness ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 millimeters, with hydrodynamic pressure tolerance up to 80 MPa. Bearing inner diameter is manufactured with H7 tolerance and contact surfaces polished to achieve a friction coefficient below 0.05. Bearings feature high-pressure lubrication and internal channels for cooling. Material fatigue resistance reaches 300 MPa, and operational temperature tolerance is up to 150°C.
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