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Fixed power supply

A linear regulated power supply utilizes a low-frequency transformer with 85-90% efficiency. These units typically provide fixed DC outputs of 5, 12, 15, 24, or 48 volts. Voltage regulation is achieved via BJT or MOSFET power transistors. The output ripple factor is usually less than 5 mV RMS. Broadband noise also generally remains below 1 mV peak-to-peak. Load regulation is within 0.1% for loads between 10% and 100%. Line regulation is typically 0.05% for ±10% AC input variations. The output current of standard models ranges from 1 to 30 amperes. The permitted operating temperature is often between 0 and 40 degrees Celsius. These units commonly feature short-circuit and thermal protection.

The internal structure consists of a bridge diode rectifier, a high-capacitance filter typically 10,000-47,000 µF, and a series regulator circuit. Electrolytic capacitors with a minimum lifespan of 2000 hours at 105°C are used. Regulation is performed by integrated regulators like the LM78xx series or discrete circuits with precision op-amps. The systems transient response is typically under 50 microseconds for a 50% sudden load change. Heat dissipation can reach 30-60 watts in high-power models. Extruded aluminum heat sinks with a thermal resistance of 1-2 °C/W dissipate this heat. Ove


hani-antenna	021-56861770-71

hani-antenna

Iran

021-56861770-71

Rotating power supply

A switching mode power supply operates at a switching frequency of 50 kHz to 1 MHz. Its typical efficiency ranges from 85% to 95%. Common DC outputs include 3.3, 5, 12, 24, and 48 volts. Output current for standard models varies from 2 to 60 amperes. Line voltage regulation is better than 0.1% for 90-264 VAC input variations. Load regulation is typically below 0.2% for 10-100% load changes. Output ripple is less than 50 mV peak-to-peak. EMI noise is filtered per EN55032 Class B standards. The power factor PF in advanced models exceeds 0.95. The full operating temperature range is often -20 to +70°C. These units are equipped with overload, short-circuit, and overvoltage protection.

The internal structure comprises an input rectifier, EMI filter, a DC-DC converter with flyback or forward topology, and a feedback circuit. The key switching elements are power MOSFETs with switching speeds up to 100 ns. High-frequency ferrite transformers use E or PQ cores. Precise feedback is provided by isolated optocoupler PWM controller ICs. The systems transient response to 50% load steps is generally under 200 microseconds. Output capacitors are low-ESR below 20 mΩ ceramic and polymer aluminum types. The power density of these supplies reaches up to 1.5 watts per cubic centimeter. The physi